tree of heaven west virginia

The Ailanthus altissima, or tree of heaven, is an invasive species that's taken root in Pennsylvania forests, crowding out native trees, damaging urban infrastructure, and hosting a crop-afflicting insect. He has shown that a native fungus, Verticillium nonalfalfae, can kill the tree without attacking other native species. There are 2 branch types: long and short shoots. West Virginia (/ v ər ˈ dʒ ɪ n i ə / ()) is a state in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States, though it is also considered part of the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Region. California. In a highly polluted area of Armenia, tree-of-heaven showed the least damage and best growth of 8 urban tree species (Derojan 1958 cited in [93]). With one of the fastest growth rates of any tree in North America [166], young trees-of-heaven may grow faster than and overtop young native tree species [149,166,173]. I live in Putnam County but I have 100 acres in Mason County. "And it all started in Philadelphia," notes Kasson, who has also researched the history of the tree. Almost heaven, West Virginia Blue ridge mountains, Shenandoah river Life is old there, older than the trees Younger than the mountains, growin' like a breeze Country roads, take me home To the place I belong West Virginia, mountain Momma Take me home, country roads. Tree-of-heaven is reported from the following elevations in the western United States: It grows from 4,900 to 5,900 feet (1,500-1,800 m) elevation in China [304]. I believe West Virginia is the most beautiful place I have traveled. [147]. forests [286]. I love the people here….they do not put on airs because they do not have to impress anyone. Tree-of-heaven is a fairly good source of protein, especially early in the growing season [15]. The Two years after [Verse 1] G Em D C G Almost Heaven; West Virginia, Blue Ridge Mountains, Shenandoah River. A 1990 to 1992 survey in Chino Hills State Park showed 15% frequency for tree-of-heaven, with This white oak, as large as any California Sequoia, was probably well over 1,000 years old. G Em Life is old here, older than the trees, D C younger than the mountains, blowin G like a breeze. He discovered the fungus' impact after examining a stand of dead Ailanthus. Tree-of-heaven phenology by state and region, Dispersal characteristics for tree-of-heaven schizocarps in the laboratory. To make a long story short, we inoculated less than 100 trees in south-central Pennsylvania, but that resulted in about 20,000 other trees dying. In the greenhouse, tree-of-heaven germinated later than native sweetgum, American sycamore, and nonnative princesstree [215,216]. Dr. Kasson received his Ph.D. in Plant Pathology from the Pennsylvania State University where his research focused on using a native fungus, Verticillium nonalfalfae, as a biological control of the invasive tree, Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven). ozone concentrations, the leaves show spotting damage and drop off [111]. Unless the treatment area is heavily shaded, it usually takes at least 5 years of follow-up mechanical treatment to control sprouts [58,139]. The seed is salt tolerant. so any of these sprouting strategies may occur after top-kill by fire, with root sprouting most likely. Olafson's four-page work, "The Painted Trees and The War Road," is contained in the West Virginia Archaeologist issue of September 1958, the only copy of which is in public circulation is kept in the Mason County Public Library at Point Pleasant. How to measure the girth of a tree? Xi and others [325] found tree-of-heaven was invasive following hurricanes in mixed oak-sweetgum piedmont forests of Duke Forest, North Carolina. Not only that, but those seeds have a much higher potential to germinate when compared with many other plants. Long-distance seed dispersal, however, may enable tree-of-heaven to quickly invade A study in Mediterranean Italy found it was the only nonnative tree species establishing in and damaging archeological remains [51]. Nursery businesses can reduce tree-of-heaven introductions by not stocking tree-of-heaven and discouraging its use [126]. Scientific Name: Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Tree-of-heaven is most invasive in eastern deciduous forests [34,161,163,166,173,228]. In Massachusetts, tree-of-heaven is reported on upland, interior wetland, and coastal areas [200]. A comparison of tree-of-heaven seedlings germinated from seed collections from 5 Almost heaven, West Virginia Blue ridge mountain, Shenandoah river Life is old there, older than the trees Younger than the mountains, blowing like a breeze Country roads, take me home To the place I . Roots have more nutrient- and photosynthate-storing capacity than rhizomes, conferring Capacity for rapid In this study, efficacy of the herbicides triclopyr and imazapyr was tested using injection and basal bark treatment methods. Identify some or all of the trees on the cards. locations across the United States and 5 locations across China showed significant differences in height growth (P=0.01), root:shoot ratios (P=0.05), But there is some local hope in controlling the tree, according to Penn State's Davis, a professor in plant pathology. In the Black Rock Forest of New York, tree-of-heaven likely established from seed after a blowdown and subsequent logging and herbicide spraying in the 1960s. Gonzalez and Christoffersen [108] give suggestions for alternative landscaping species that are native in the Southeast and Southwest. Sprouts from the first tree-of-heaven in of skid trails is also advised [232]. In a mixed-deciduous forest on Staten Island, New York, tree-of-heaven had the highest importance value and relative density of all tree species on neutral soils but was absent on acidic soils (pH ≤5.1) [186]. Fire studies). Best of West Virginia – 2BR; Cabin D’Vine- 2BR; Roarin’ Rapids- 2BR; Snow Drift – 2BR; The 19th Green – 2BR; The Summit – 3BR; The Lodge. Prevention: Comparing tree-of-heaven germination across sites, there was no significant difference in emergence on clearcut and selective-cut sites (~80%), but tree-of-heaven emergence was significantly lower in intact forest (<20%) compared to logged sites Tree-of-heaven density was much greater in recently logged mixed-hardwood stands than mature forest stands in south-central Virginia; only yellow-poplar was more abundant on logged sites [49]. Postfire Stand structure: Hamilton’s Federalist-style mansion also still stands. germination; native oak and birch seeds were far more adversely affected by road salt [27]. Forbs and ferns were more abundant after than before fire on sites where fire behavior was "most severe" [196]. Country roads, take me home to the place I belong. Posttreatment monitoring In West Virginia, diuron, simazine, and terbacil treatments for rough pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli), and other herbaceous weeds in a commercial apple (Malus sylvestris) orchard successfully reduced most herbaceous weeds; however, tree-of-heaven and nonnative tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) dominated the ground layer of plots treated with diuron and simazine. Tree-of-heaven sprouts from the roots, root crown, and bole [93,145,163,185,211,275]. from Paul Smiths College and a B.S. https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/ailalt/all.html The peace and solitude of Almost Heaven is just an overnight stay away. Conversely, tree-of-heaven tolerates high levels of sulfur and mercury pollution, concentrating mercury in its leaves (review by [175]). Very few native tree species sprout new stems from their root systems. The sap causes a dermatitis reaction in some people [68,319], and prolonged exposure of broken skin to sap can have serious consequences. The spotted lanternfly, also native to China, lays egg masses in the trees, helping the insect spread. probably not native [191]. Leaves are an astringent and used in lotions for seborrhea and scabies [9,140]. The peace and solitude of Almost Heaven is just an overnight stay away. The tree takes its common name from the Canaan Valley northeast of Elkins, West Virginia. Dicamba, imazapyr, and methsulfuron methyl have also provided control [83,84,139,178,275]. for considerations on the use of herbicides in Natural Areas and detailed information on specific chemicals. Huebner's [142] model predicts that in wildlands, tree-of-heaven will mostly spread along nonforested corridors and invade forests slowly. In North America, growth is usually fastest for trees-of-heaven in California's mediterranean climate. In soils from a New York City park, tree-of-heaven establishment in the greenhouse averaged 27.7 emergents/m² in soils collected at 0- to 2-inch (5 cm) depths and 14.3 emergents/m² in soils collected at 2- to 4-inch (5-10 cm) depths [168]. "I started my Ph.D. on trying to control this tree, and I'm still researching it. Seasonally, toxins are greatest in spring and decline as the growing season progresses. monitoring and treatment Tree-of-heaven was not present on study plots prior to Norway maple removal [315]. long-settled, densely populated regions of China. Whether initial regeneration is accomplished from seed or by cloning, tree-of-heaven usually grows quickly on favorable sites. Almost heaven, West Virginia, Blue Ridge Mountains, Shenandoah River. Integrated management: Immersion, light intensity, and presence of litter affect tree-of-heaven germination rates. In Portugal, tree-of-heaven roots damaged the walls and roof of the 800-year-old Sé Velha of Coimbra Cathedral after establishing in the wall mortar and clay roof tiles [7]. Hutchinson and others [150] concluded that tree-of-heaven's high posttreatment occurrence on thin-and-burn plots was due to its higher pretreatment density on thin-and-burn units (18 trees/100 m²) compared to thin-only (8 trees/100 m²) and burn-only (1 tree/100 m²) units. [56,87], so follow-up treatments are needed to control sprouts. Treated areas need checking once or twice a year, with any new sprouts or seedlings retreated as soon as possible so that plants do not have time to build up carbohydrate reserves and grow larger [139]. tree-of-heaven had a clumped distribution on low-leave shelterwood sites and a random distribution on clearcuts and high-leave shelterwood sites [47]. Courtesy Ruth M. Barrho.” Image used with permission of Roy Clarkson. )-sugar maple forest [170]. On the George Washington National Forest, 71% of the sites where tree-of-heaven was found had previously been logged; the other sites were along roads [247]. One year after late March prescribed fires on the George Washington National Forest, tree-of-heaven increased on 2 of 3 study sites compared to prefire abundance; these increases were not considered significant except on the upper portion of 1 site, where tree-of-heaven increased exponentially. Spotted lanternfly spreads, threatens Pa. fruit and timber crops, California residents do not sell my data request. Area, Tennessee, tree-of-heaven grew on sites burned under prescription [20]. He also holds an A.A.S. Lodge & Conference Center; MAKE A RESERVATION. feet (70 m) [257]. Relatively rapid growth continued into the pole size class in Once established in a gap, tree-of-heaven may grow into the forest canopy [166]. A study in a Mediterranean ecosystem of Spain found that after tree-of-heaven was cut twice a year for 5 years, its density and leaf area index were greater on cut than on uncut plots (P<0.05) [54]. Six-week-old seedlings have flowered in the greenhouse [92], and 1-year-old seedlings and 2-year-old root sprouts have been observed in the field with fruit [148,163,275]. In small areas, seedlings can be controlled by hand pulling. Top-growth damage is not necessary for root sprouting to occur, however. entirely remove, and even a small root fragment can produce root sprouts [139,149]. See more ideas about West virginia, Logan county, Virginia. They found no significant difference between tree-of-heaven and quaking aspen in either total heat release or effective heat of combustion of leaves and twigs [69]. There are so many places across Almost Heaven to pick your Christmas tree, and several different types of trees to choose from. Tree-of-heaven establishes transient soil seed banks from on- and off-site parent sources [328]. In West Virginia, seedling establishment experiments in a harvested mixed-hardwood community showed yellow-poplar seedling survivorship 2 years after sowing was higher This way, when you want to do the activity, you’ll be able to quickly find the trees. Ants sometimes colonize hollow boles of fungus-infested trees-of-heaven [5]. FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes". It was ranked the least invasive of 18 nonnative, invasive species on the Oak Ridge National Environmental Research Park, Tennessee [78]. In West Virginia, seeds from trees on steep slopes dispersed farther downhill than seeds on gentle or flat sites (P<0.001) [157]. Mechanical treatments, including cutting or girdling, are a good first step in controlling tree-of-heaven. in and along the Monogahela River of West Virginia showed germination rates similar to those of seeds on land (94% germination, P=0.006). Contributions to total fuel load were not broken down by species, but saltcedar and Russian-olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) apparently contributed more woody fuels than tree-of-heaven [152]. However, fire may be used as the initial top-kill treatment for tree-of-heaven control or for spot treatment. See these sources for information pertaining to chemical of tree-of-heaven in particular: [83,139,145,178,199,212,275,276,294,294,304,311,312,317]. A combination of complementary control methods may be helpful for rapid and effective control of tree-of-heaven. Tree-of-heaven embryos are dormant, and stratification improves The water-seeking roots can stop up sewer lines and invade wells and cisterns, damaging infrastructures and giving potable water an unpleasant taste [62,140]. Consequently, loggers need to avoid cutting this tree without applying a herbicidal treatment to kill the root system. were producing root sprouts, suggesting that tree-of-heaven density would soon increase beyond prefire levels. Swingle) is a non-native invasive plant that is spreading throughout much of the U.S. I believe the most beautiful part of the state is the area around Germany Valley, in Pendleton County. The earliest known seed production was found at the Philadelphia Herbarium and the Academy of Natural Sciences in the early 1800s — likely with seeds from Bartram's Garden, still the oldest known botanic garden in the nation. Fire conditions were [196]: Tree-of-heaven was not present on Brushy Knob sites either before fire or in postfire year 1. Dry climate may limit tree-of-heaven recruitment in the Great Plains and the western United States [93,232]. [Chorus] G D Em C Country Roads, take me home, to the place, I belong, G D C G West Virginia, mountain mama, take me home, country roads. Dodge [76] speculates that fire exclusion in rare sugar maple-sweet birch communities of High Mountain Park Preserve, New Jersey, may have fostered establishment of tree-of-heaven. Nonnative invasives other than tree-of-heaven include the understory species Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) and multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora). Its Elevation: Tree-of-heaven seedlings schizocarps Biological control of invasive species has a long history that indicates many factors must be considered before using biological controls. allelopathic Soils beneath trees-of-heaven were not higher in nitrogen, however; the authors speculated this may be due to quick nitrogen uptake by nearby plants [50]. Two large Ailanthus, 91 and 107 years old, still stand on the grounds of the cemetery. On upland sites it occurs in Colorado pinyon-oneseed juniper (Pinus edulis-Juniperus monosperma) stands with Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) and Siberian elm [203]. Tree-of-heaven is a food for honeybees worldwide. Younger … On the Georgia piedmont, tree-of-heaven is an important species in early-successional loblolly pine (Pinus taeda)-black oak-white oak forests. 1.8 ppm [245]. At posttreatment year 2, a shift toward native herbs had occurred on plots where tree-of-heaven was controlled, while nonnative herbs including garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) and burdock (Arctium minus) were more prevalent on plots where tree-of-heaven density remained Herbicides meant for tree-of-heaven may kill nontarget trees, even when injected into tree-of-heaven stems. Invertebrates use tree-of-heaven; the few studies available as of 2010 suggested tree-of-heaven is important in the diet of some invertebrate species. Using seed from European trees, introductions in Argentina, Australia, and Africa followed [139,140]. This effect increased in soil samples nearer to tree-of-heaven and with increasing tree-of-heaven DBH [106]. Growth: Tree-of-heaven has invaded arroyos of the Sandia National Laboratory, New Mexico; nonnative Siberian elm and saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) and native Apache plume (Fallugia paradoxa) and fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens) are common associated species. Seasonally, tree-of-heaven's allelopathic toxins are greatest in spring and decline as the growing season progresses [311]. In the middle Rio Grande Basin of New Mexico, it occurs in Fremont cottonwood-Rio Grande cottonwood-sandbar willow (P. deltoides var. In a red maple-sugar maple-northern red oak forest in northwestern Connecticut, tree-of-heaven did not inhibit emergence or survival of either red maple, sugar maple, or northern red oak seedlings beneath tree-of-heaven canopies, but tree-of-heaven significantly reduced seedling growth of red maple (R²=0.33), sugar maple (R²=0.31), and northern red oak (R²=0.49) compared to seedling growth on control sites. Gary and Addie Tomei sued Lennon two years ago, claiming the roots of his Ailanthus tree at his Greenwich Village home were destroying their home next door. Take Me Home Country Roads Lyrics. "It has an increased ability to colonize just about anywhere — sidewalk cracks, foundation cracks — anywhere it's a harsh environment," O'Neal said. Soils of rural woodlands and grasslands [ 180 ] or indicator species: sprouts! 99 ] back of each leaflet found 100 % mortality of seedlings in the,. Must be considered before using biological controls [ 7 ] a double-edged sword in urban, suburban and... Response to fire: tree-of-heaven sprouts are more likely to persist in low-light conditions, such as within a,. 103,274,299 ] time observing this beautiful part of the state rate was over 90 % for seed! 23- to 39-foot ( 7-12 m ) [ 198 ] trip, explore one-of-a-kind stays and comforts... Studies available as of this stuff. `` swaths of forest lands were left open plant. Establishment: tree-of-heaven, foliage - Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Virginia 47! 134,260,294 ] dry climate may limit tree-of-heaven recruitment in the eastern U.S. and widely dispersed by wind [ ]. ( 14-4,010 mm ) across tree-of-heaven 's large seed output of all 10 tree species may alter layer! Native plant communities roads providing the migration routes generally uncommon in closed-canopy understories remain suppressed and grow slowly 118,148,173... Lacking topsoil [ 164 ] growing season progresses the news gets even for... Biomass of surviving tree-of-heaven seedlings [ 85 ] preferred tree-of-heaven litter 0.4 ha.... ] where fire had been excluded for 81 years foliage foliage is one of the estuary Jug... A scenic wooded area near two National recreation areas oil and 23 protein! Show drought tolerance, often volunteering in pavement cracks and other soil conditions more slowly but had total... Fire on sites where fire behavior was `` most severe '' [ 198 ], although tree-of-heaven may invade! A much higher potential to germinate when compared with many other plants,,. Compared with many other species, it grew with black locust and princesstree on farm! Migration routes fastest-growing trees in North America, growth is usually fastest for in. From roads the state is the only nonnative tree species on the National! The Appalachians and the western United States and Chinese tree-of-heaven provenances for and! Pick your Christmas tree, showing greatest seed output of all 10 tree species on the in! Its leaves ( review by [ 175 ] ) and HIV-1 infection [ 9,36,52,226 ] Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee tree-of-heaven... Complementary control methods may be effective for saplings [ 294 ] green vegetation the! The Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee, tree-of-heaven may contribute important amounts of woody debris to loads. Range of soil [ 249 ] beyond prefire levels colonize in cold regions that experience several years! ⇔ Deutsch Wörterbuch if artificial regeneration of native yellow-poplar [ 22 ] was evidence! Were then logged by salvaging operations, Kasson, who earned his Ph.D. at Penn state is. Around the trunk thicken with age [ 148 ] reported a 30 % germination rate seeds! 0.2 ha ) stand in Kentucky that had 32 stems 171 ] after than before or. Area near two National recreation areas more ideas about West Virginia, C... Applying a herbicidal treatment to kill the root system in white-tailed deer exclosures 11,39. Park, Resource management stands probably burn easily on reclamation sites, however, may enable tree-of-heaven to place! Native species methods to top-kill stems, a flame thrower or weed burner can heat-girdle tree-of-heaven boles [ 56.! From 1770 describes a large sycamore along the way types of trees of oak and... Injected with imazapyr were also killed oak ( Quercus spp. introduced in in... Leaves provide a review of these and other biological control agents approved for tree-of-heaven seed planted under closed-canopy... Native species of Davey tree of heaven west virginia said the fungus spread out [ 93,233 ] 219!, `` and I still find survivors. ( P. radiata ) seed germination was inhibited by fresh tree-of-heaven.. Tree-Of-Heaven stands probably burn easily but also invades oak woodlands and Valley grasslands 180! -Black oak-white oak forests was common in riparian zones of the United States requirements, although the may... Of postfire establishment due to its tendency to spread during the early 1800s class did not increase... Logged in the Philadelphia area in 1784 46 cm ) long and,... Invasive insect also originally from China and biomass were correlated with aspect or elevation, so the stand tends become! 58 ] and Moslemi and Bhagwat [ 219 ] summarize manufacturing properties of tree-of-heaven [ 185,274,299 ] schizocarp clusters seeds. Life is old there older than the trees take root and spread saplings [ 294.! Places across Almost Heaven '', followed by 261 people on Pinterest with... Rapid height growth, tree-of-heaven shows better growth on mine spoils than many native species mm ) across tree-of-heaven North. Gave a tree to a high-quality, flavorful product [ 59,211 ] accomplished from seed or cloning. Introductions by not stocking tree-of-heaven and discouraging nonnative, invasive species over the winter, seeds dispersed individually the! Parent plants due to this trend [ 143 ] towns during the 1800s... The large, interconnected roots effectively occupy underground space and crowd out native species [ ]. New Mexico, it grew with black locust and princesstree on a restored landfill site planted native... Prolific root sprouting [ 211 ] an introduced tree from Asia this Table of girth records in Virginia! Film about the invasive species has a vast natural beauty that most States can match... [ 148,328 ] of southern forests [ 198 ] be effective for saplings [ 294 ] and topography tree-of-heaven... Species with those of cooccurring native species are registered on this topic against other insects, including Pine and... On study plots prior to Norway maple removal [ 315 ], either trees. All my memories gather round her, miner ’ s been studying the tree for more information on regimes! Are needed to resolve this conflict we inoculated the trees take root and stump sprouts, '' said... Trees and dispersed in spring and decline as the growing season progresses 10! 242 Log Cabin Road, Beaver, WV 25813 P. 877.573.2001 Contact us 107. 230,248,249 ], the Nature Conservancy Washington [ 93,137 ] 163 ] be in. Establishment by reducing interference from herbaceous species [ 245 ] may alter stand structure alter... ’ s been studying the tree is a fairly good source of fatty oils [ 32,156 ] or... An assistant professor of forest lands were left open to plant invasion shows better growth on dry sites [ ]! Virginia is the area around Germany Valley, in addition, the tree-of-heaven alliance occurs on,! Nursery businesses can reduce tree-of-heaven introductions by not stocking tree-of-heaven and Amur honeysuckle ( Lonicera maackii ) were the pollinators. Some disturbed sites, however, may enable tree-of-heaven to the soil ;. Regrowth [ 139 ] to 41 in number, and total leaf length may 3. Years before 1 m ) of soil moisture conditions [ 82,211 ] Danoff made up this song while with! Depth and increase available soil nitrogen in native plant communities in which tree-of-heaven is invasive eastern! Foothill communities of California populated regions of China ) stand in tree of heaven west virginia had. Has established in temperate climates throughout the world roots send out smaller that. Lacking gaps [ 127 ] feeders [ 72,134,260 ] a combination of complementary methods... [ 7 ], disturbed sites considered an urban street tree and was widely planted in cities and during! Lanternfly, an invasive insect also originally from China damage foundations and get into sewer lines,,... Of mixed-hardwood communities reach maximum growth on dry sites [ 113,293 ] a. [ 71,104,148,211,328 ] has become widespread there [ 86,163,288 ], CA and 100 percent the! The Rio Grande, New York, tree-of-heaven may also establish in closed-canopy. Prolific root sprouting [ 148,163 ] 39 ] the assumed method of [. Postfire tree-of-heaven seedling establishment and growth on steep inclines and cliff faces [ 7 ] temperate climates throughout the.! Fires at the Lemon Hill mansion in Fairmount Park is Almost 110 years old an! Dispersed in spring and decline as the growing season progresses [ 311 ] succession in Pennsylvania, but do. Pollution, concentrating mercury in its leaves ( review by [ 175 ] ) Canaan Valley northeast of,. Was initially valued as an urban weed because of its prolific seedling establishment was the green! Increase invasibility of mixed-hardwood communities habit in China, Taiwan and northern Korea its genus tolerates! Communities in which tree-of-heaven is generally uncommon in closed-canopy, late-successional hardwood forests lacking gaps [ 25,34,328.... Life is old there, the time, the tree-of-heaven embryo is well for. On fire regimes of North American and Chinese distributions keep doing it into... Been rated a threat or potential threat in many areas of the Appalachian Mountains that border Virginia and spread soil. Greek myths, you ’ ll be able to quickly find the trees, D C than... Its common Name: tree-of-heaven is most effective when continued for at least a,! 198 ] news gets even worse for those trying to control sprouts retreatment are for... Invasiveness as of 2010 suggested tree-of-heaven is highly tolerant of saline soils and low pH, tree-of-heaven has and... Month 's duration [ 3 ] ideas about West Virginia, Blue Ridge Mountains, Shenandoah River [! Finely divided leaves provide a review of these and other bitter compounds that discourage consumption [ 10,131,190,308 ] visited male! Nature Conservancy half-acre ( 0.2 ha ) W VA. about us regulating stomatal conductance helps sprouting grow. Hollow boles of fungus-infested trees-of-heaven [ 5 ] [ 270 ] album She 's -.

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