which of the following is an example of polymerization?

A polymer sample usually contains a distribution of chains with different degrees of polymerization. Explain the term co-polymerization and give two examples of copolymers and the reactions for their preparations. c. Water corrodes an iron tank and changes color to orange d. Ionic polymerization therefore tends to produce a more regular polymer, with less branching along the backbone, and more controlled tacticity. When these occur during polymerization, they hold the main chains of the polymer further apart, creating a softer, more ductile & easy flowing material. Chain-Reaction Polymerization. 21. Random order of polymer groups. The following examples of condensation polymers are illustrative. The degree of polymerization can be calculated by using the following relationship if a molecular weight of a polymer molecule is known. Thermoset plastics are frequently used for sealed products due to their resistance to deformation and are also among some of the most impact resistant plastics available. The plastics that have so changed society and the natural and synthetic fibres used in clothing are polymers. Chemical reaction - Chemical reaction - Polymerization reactions: Polymers are high-molecular-weight compounds, fashioned by the aggregation of many smaller molecules called monomers. The following examples of condensation polymers are illustrative. The condensation of a diacid and diamine is an example of A-B polymerization. (Comptt. Polymerization is of two types, condensation polymerization and addition polymerization. How to Calculate Degree of Polymerization. Polymerization of isobutylene (2-methylpropene) by traces of strong acids is an example of cationic polymerization. 1 In the case of a condensation reaction, two monomers combine with the loss of a small molecule, usually an alcohol, a water or an acid molecule, whereas an addition reaction involves only the rearrangement of the electrons of a double bond to form a single bond with another molecule. Understand the Key Differences Between Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Plastic with detailed explanations and examples. Formula (I) is provided. For suspension polymerization, initiation, propagation, and termination take place inside the droplet. Which of the following is not a condensation (step growth) polymer? a. Polymerization of DNA creates a double helix shape. Chain initiation—usually by means of an initiator which starts the polymerization process. examples include the polymerization of methyl methacrylate and vinyl chloride. The polymerization process takes place in three distinct steps: 1. For example, Polymerization of ethane in the presence of Peroxides. Chain-reaction polymerization, sometimes called addition polymerization, requires an initiator to start the growth of the reaction. Polymerization is the process of covalently bonding the smaller monomers into the polymer. The following are several general characteristics of this type of polymerization: 1) Once initiation occurs, the polymer chain forms very quickly, i.e., 10"1 23*to 10~6 sec. Indicate all steps of the process: chain initiation, chain propagation, chain termination, and formation of branched polymers. Some of the block copolymer surfactants which reported in literature about polymerization are as following: Poly(ethylene-cobutylene)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (P(E/B)-PEO1- 9800 g/mol, P(E/B)-PEO2- 6700 g/mol, P(E/B)-PEO3- 6200 g/mol)[45], four different block copolymer surfactant containing diethylenetriamine (DETA) as central nuclei of copolymer and 4, 6, and 9 polymer chains of … 96–98 Further it could be believed that nonliving polymerization proceeds through free ions path way. The polyisobutylene product is a soft rubbery solid, T g = _ 70º C, which is used for inner tubes. For example, the addition of tetraalkylammonium salt results to living polymerization, where it favours an appropriate equilibrium between the active and dormant species. 2) The concentration of “active species” is very low. In this article, we are going to discuss condensation type of polymerization. This process is similar to radical polymerization, as demonstrated by the following equations. Because the intermediates involved in ionic polymerization reactions can't combine with one another, chain termination only occurs when the growing chain reacts with impurities or reagents that can be specifically added to control the rate of chain growth. In addition, please find two application examples for each polymer listed below. All India 2012) Answer: Co-polymerization : Co-polymerization is a polymerization reaction in which a mixture of more than one monomeric species is allowed to polymerise and form a copolymer. Solution for 1. A polymer formed by coordination polymerization is Also, the polymerization reactions for Nylon 6 and Spandex do not proceed by elimination of water or other small molecules. The process of mixing liquids to form an emulsion is called emulsification. Condensation Polymerization. Step-Growth Polymerization Kinetics (3) The assumption that the reactivity of a functional group on the growing end of the polymer chain is the same as that on a small molecule generally has been observed experimen-tally. In the case of biopolymers of carbohydrates, this is a dehydration reaction in which water is formed. Which of the following is an example of a physical property? The rate of suspension polymerization is similar to the rate of bulk polymerization, but the heat transfer is much better. implants, prosthetics, and wound dressings a polymer made in a polymerization reaction that produces small molecules (such as water) as well as the polymer is classified as a/an _________ polymer The largest family of polymers 3, vinyl polymers, are produced by chain polymerization reactions.A good example is the free-radical polymerization of styrene, which is initiated by a free radical (R) that reacts with styrene. Give an examples of a free-radical polymerization reaction (e.g. polymerization definition: 1. a chemical reaction in which many small molecules join to make a polymer 2. a chemical reaction…. Get more information in the following paragraphs. tutorial example problem showing how to calculate degree of polymerization in a nylon 6,6 sample with an average molecular weight of 250,000g/mol The electrophilic reagents (epoxide, aziridine, CO 2 , etc.) Tacticity. polymerization of ethylene into polyethylene). Note that for commercial synthesis the carboxylic acid components may actually be employed in the form of derivatives such as simple esters. Anionic polymerization can also be used to functionalize polymers, for example by reacting the active chain ends with electrophilic reagents which yields a wide variety of telechelic polymers. Which of the following is an example of a molecular… Which of the following characteristics does not affect the properties of plastics? The number average degree of polymerization should quickly converge to 5. Actactic. Controlling the polymerization process and quenching molten polymers can result in amorphous organization. Addition polymerization differs from condensation polymerization, which does co-generate a product, usually water. In this type small molecules like H 2 O, CO, NH 3 are eliminated during polymerization (step Here are 100 most important Multiple choice questions and answers on Polymer and Polymerization for the entrance exams. They are often described as macromolecules due to their size. Therefore, an average value must be taken when determining the DP. Polyester and nylon are some of the most common examples of this type. b) Plastic bag, … Also, the polymerization reactions for Nylon 6 and Spandex do not proceed by elimination of water or other small molecules. ‘For example, polystyrene is the material that results from the polymerization of styrene monomers.’ ‘In free radical polymerization, monomers can add to each other without formation of a small molecule.’ ‘The polymerization of an ester can produce a polyester, an artificial fiber that is used as a cotton substitute.’ Addition polymerization takes place when the monomer molecule contains double carbon bonds, as in alkenes, or triple carbon bonds, as in alkynes. Common examples of emulsions include egg yolk, butter, and mayonnaise. A procatalyst for the polymerization of ethylene and optionally one or more alpha-olefins having the structure shown in formula (I) below. In this, small monomer units joined to form a giant polymer. The way side group polymers are arranged on a polymer chain. CHEM 379 – W20 Polymers & Polymerization 5-1 5. which of the following is a medical application using polymers? PTC Mock Exam - CM1004 b. Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes in plants and transport macromolecules. An amorphous arrangement of molecules has no long-range order or form in which the polymer chains arrange themselves. Learn more. POLYMERS & POLYMERIZATION A polymer (coming from the Greek “poly” – many and “meros” – parts) is a large molecule made up of covalently linked smaller molecules. An example of a condensation homopolymer is 1) Bakelite 2) Melamine-formaldehyde resin 3) Alkyl resin 4) Perlon or Nylon-6 23. It should be noted that the degree of polymerization refers to the number of monomers in the chain, but the degree of polymerization and molecular weight are used interchangeably in this simulation since each of the monomers is assumed to have a molecular weight of 1. In each step length of chain increases. Organic polymers are assembled from carbon-based subunits, and will be the focus of this section of the course. In addition polymerization (sometimes called chain-growth polymerization), a chain reaction adds new monomer units to the growing polymer molecule one at a time through double or triple bonds in the monomer. In two cases, when the mobility of the polymer becomes extremely low—as occurs, for example, in a built polymer- are usually added at the end of the polymerization. Condensation polymers often require heat, form slower than do addition polymers, and are lower in molecular weight. These questions are likely to appear in entrance exam of MBBS, ENGINEERING , BDS, BN, BMLT, AG , BVSC and various other medical and paramedical entrance exams. Note that for commercial synthesis the carboxylic acid components may actually be employed in the form of derivatives such as simple esters. Step-growth polymerizations can be divided into two lasses: condensation and addition polymerization. Even though the liquids that form them may be clear, emulsions appear cloudy or colored because … CH4 C6H1206 N306 C2H2 2. Which of the following is an example of an empirical formula? Question 1: Please list the polymerization mechanisms and describe the major differences between them.2) Please identify the monomers for the following polymers and indicate which polymerization mechanism can be used to obtain the polymer. During polymerization, chemical groups are lost from the monomers so that they may join together. Condensation of diacid and diamine. Also provided is a polymerization process using the inventive procatalyst. 1) Melamine-formaldehyde resin 2) Bakelite 3) Polythene 4) Polyester 22. A distribution of chains with different degrees of polymerization should quickly converge to.... 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( step growth ) polymer, initiation, propagation, and are lower in molecular weight molecule.

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